minimum speed for side airbag deploymentdysautonomia scholarships

They usually wont deploy if you were driving below the threshold, as thats likely to cause more injury than the impact itself. The lawsuit revolves around ARC airbag inflators, which allegedly use ammonium nitrate as a secondary propellant to inflate airbags. Does the airbag light come on? We know that airbags can cause truly devastating injuries, and were here to help you fight for the compensation you need and deserve. This recall occurred because around 67 million airbags could explode when deployed. As a result, the vast majority of passenger vehicles come with side airbags as standard equipment. This was a serious concern with the first generations of frontal airbags, which deployed with greater force. These instructions can be found in the factory manual. On top of that, once the airbag deploys, you have to pay for a replacement, which quickly adds up to thousands of dollars. Affiliate Disclosure: We are a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for us to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites. According to the NHTSA, over 50,000 lives have been saved by airbags in motor vehicles over the years. But one of the most important safety features has been around for many years. This is because if an object hits the vehicle from the side, it is likely to affect the passenger directly. It has been about three weeks and the light has not come back on. For that reason, the federal government decreed that all new cars must have front airbags by 1998. Just consider the many airbag lawsuits that have been filed recently: In October of 2022, it was reported that a woman had sued Porsche after her airbag had failed in a Palm Beach County crash. Belted occupants wont have the airbags deployed until around 16 mph because the belts provide more protection. The Mercedes-Benz S-Class comes with standard inflatable belts. Other airbag systems are fitted with sensors that scan the front passenger to determine the risk of deployment. What a rip off there will always be someone in the driver seat if the car is moving, so those airbags should always go off. Therefore, you dont want the airbag to come out for a simple fender bender. In some cases, the airbag can deploy when you arent moving at all, such as when the object hitting you is moving at a fast rate of speed. The idea is that a side airbag will help prevent head or limb damage from being jostled within the vehicle. If your car has an airbag system that uses gas pressure to deploy the bag, then the minimum speed at which the system can operate is between 30 mph and 50 Some manufacturers provide supplemental knee airbags, mounted lower. The airbags are allegedly so deficient that they are hurling shrapnel through vehicle interiors and causing severe injuries to occupants. Advanced airbags modify deployment patterns if weight sensors detect a small driver or front-seat passenger or a child safety seat. Airbags Canada deploys if the effect of the collision is similar to crashing into a barrier at a speed of about 13 23 km/hr or more. In some model cars, the seat belt light is the same as the airbag light. We know that airbags can cause truly devastating injuries, and were here to help you fight for the compensation you need and deserve. Both organizations are wholly supported by these auto insurers and insurance associations. See Also: Average Airbag Replacement Costs. They may also help reduce forces on an occupant's chest and abdomen by controlling movement of the occupant's lower body. This ferocious reaction necessitates the deployment of the airbag, which will begin to deflate at a slow pace once the driver makes contact with the airbag. The faster youre going during a collision, the more that youll need an airbag to save your life. But while these lawsuits can be challenging, you still have a chance to receive a settlement. Whats more alarming is when the airbag system is defective, leading to increased injuries. Do you think were OK now? If an accident occurs at low speeds, the airbag may not deploy. The article answers some questions you might have about airbags, such as at what speed do airbags deploy?. This means your airbag light will stay on until you go to an auto repair shop or airbag specialist and have it repaired and necessary parts replaced. Side airbags may be activated alongside the front airbags if frontal collisions occur at a speed good enough to deploy the frontal airbag. Slip Light Meaning, Causes & How to Fix it, How To Reset An Airbag Light With Or Without A Scanner. The collision determines which one of these airbags is triggered. He was an American industrial engineer who not only constructed the first prototype airbag but also patented it in 1952. They could turn it off if the occupant is a child or any other person of small stature sitting too close to the point of deployment. Side curtain airbags (for rollover incidents), Knee airbags (to prevent shattering kneecaps), Inflatable seat belts (to spread the impact across a larger area of the body). However, the United States does require all automakers to use some kind of system to prevent occupant ejection through side windows. By converting the deployment speed from mph to km, you can see when the airbag should inflate. For example, your car may contain these airbags. Faults in airbag modules could even stop airbags from deploying when they ought to, even when there is no disconnection in the transfer of signals. What minimum speed does the airbag of a 2000 plymouth neon deploy? The car was still parked. Frequently Asked Personal Injury Questions, Free Legal Consultation & Case Evaluation. How many inches should you sit from the air bag? However, this only happens when the car is stationary, but the engine is running, like at a red light or in a parking lot before you get out of it. Any suggestions will be greatly appreciated. In other words, this is a carbon copy of the aforementioned Takata lawsuit, and it seems as though this is a pervasive issue throughout the auto industry. I would hate it if my airbag gets deployed if i hit a wall by accident while parking (wich will hopefully never happen) 13 people found this helpful. (Everything to Know). There is no particular speed limit for airbag deployment, as they only deploy when an accident is likely to cause injury, which is determined by the degree of impact and the data sent to the airbag system by the crash sensor. Thanks. The airbag system is complicated and includes numerous parts. Frontal air bags are generally designed to deploy in "moderate to severe" frontal or near-frontal crashes, which are defined as crashes that are equivalent to hitting They should be able to do this for free, and will give you a better idea of where the fault is occurring. For an airbag to be activated, the vehicle must be moving at a speed between 13 and 23 km per hour at the time of the collision. This explosion swiftly releases inert gases such as argon or nitrogen into a nylon bag, making it pop. The sensors for the front airbags are located in the front of the vehicle and dont generally get activated during a rear-end collision. Want this question answered? What is the minimum speed for air bag deployment for a 2007 Dodge Nitro? the warning states airbags need servicing. Faulty airbags also can injure people. Try googling it. Front airbags may deploy to help protect occupants in side impacts if there is sufficient forward movement during the crash. A working airbag system could fail to deploy one if the crash happened below the speed threshold, if there was a child in the front seat, if you had your seat belt on or if it was not replaced after a previous accident. This only happens if the car is not moving but the engine is on, like at a red light or parking lot before you get out. How strange. A small accident may be a situation where you hit something with the front of your vehicle while youre driving at under 8 mph. What is the minimum speed for airbag deployment? He Loveswriting about Automotive Diagnostics and Repair, Trouble codes, Buyer guides for various car parts and accessories, and lots more. We are a group of passionate car, motorbike, RV, and pickup truck owners. There are different types of airbags, and vehicles are equipped with different airbags depending on the vehicle manufacturer. Colliding with a surface that is not too hard will make the body stop at a very slow pace, reducing the likelihood of having a serious head or internal injuries, unlike a collision with a rigid surface. %PDF-1.5 % Airbags are made of very lightweight material, and they are attached to special sensors. The same sharp stop experienced by the body will also affect our body organs; these organs will also experience the same movement, which may result in serious damage to them. Similar trends were found in a NHTSA study focusing on the fatality risk to drivers and right-front-seat passenger vehicles involved in nearside crashes. There are also airbags at other locations. 1996-2023, Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Highway Loss Data Institute, 501(c)(3) organizations | Copyright information and privacy policy, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, 2020, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, IIHS-HLDI advisory: A look at the Takata airbag recalls, these auto insurers and insurance associations. Inflatable safety belts are aimed at reducing rear-seat chest injuries. After replacing the wiring they tell me the ECM is not passing a signal and say the the module needs to be replaced at cost of about $1K including labor. Vehicles also need side structures that resist major intrusion into the occupant compartment. You can't disable the airbag on the driver side. For this reason, a front airbag may not deploy if you are involved in a rear-end accident or side collision. The airbag for bicyclists is meant to be used instead of a traditional helmet. This is why side airbags usually deploy at speeds as low as 8 mph when the vehicle crashes into something narrow (ex. If you want to know more, you can also see our posts on airbag statistics, facts & trends, if airbags can be replaced, and if airbags can deploy in a rear-end collision. NHTSA estimates that as of 2012, 2,252 lives have been saved by side airbags (Kahane, 2015). The cost to replace an airbag can be very high, depending on your car model. What triggers airbag deployment? (Heres Why You Might). All vehicles newer than 1999 are required to have front airbags by federal law. Even if the air bags are not inflated, its possible that your seat belt pretensioners will be activated. There are a variety of different warning lights on the dashboard of a vehicle. NHTSA has identified 260 occupants ejected through sunroofs from 2000-2015 and the problem is expected to grow as panoramic sunroofs become more popular. These malfunctioning sensors can also cause failures to inflate. Ive only owned the car for less than 3 months and am still learning my way around it. Of course, we cannot stress enough how important it is to avoid accidents in the first place. Castrol Edge vs. Mobil 1 Oil: Differences & Which Is Better? A head-protecting side airbag is particularly important because it may be the only thing between the occupant's head and the striking vehicle, since window glass can shatter in a crash. How Fast Do We Get Airbag Deployment? However, their most common position is within the steering wheel of the vehicle. Takata has been bankrupted by this scandal, and carmaker Stellantis (formerly Fiat Chrysler) has been forced to recall 276,000 vehicles fitted with these airbags. Should there be concern if the airbag warning light turns on and then turns off while driving. (Engine Oil Viscosity Explained), How to Debadge Your Car (In 3 Easy Steps), Should I Cover My License Plate Online? The cost was about $800. will require innovative airbag systems for protection. If theres no one there or a smaller person, such as a child, the airbag will deactivate. In the first, federal rules were modified to encourage automakers to reduce the energy in front airbags. As an example, the front airbags should deploy when theres a moderate to severe impact to the cars front bumper or corner of the vehicle. Remember, the statute of limitations can prevent you from suing if you wait too long so book your free consultation today to get started with an effective action plan. They typically cover the window opening and inflate more stiffly to prevent ejection of the occupant. Rear seat airbags are located in the back of the front seat and deploy with less force than traditional airbags. Before attempting this, follow your manufacturers recommendations for servicing the airbag system. Although this particular lawsuit pertains to just seven faulty explosions and two deaths (as opposed to the 32 deaths caused by Takata airbags), it still represents a serious issue that requires attention. The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) is an independent, nonprofit scientific and educational organization dedicated to reducing deaths, injuries and property damage from motor vehicle crashes through research and evaluation and through education of consumers, policymakers and safety professionals. If the car is stationary, the airbags will deploy if the vehicle gets struck by an object moving at between 16 and 28 mph (26 to 45 km/hr). 2011-12-13 13:56:07. For this reason, side airbags are activated at a lower speed, like 8 mph, in a situation where the vehicle is driven into something not so large (like a tree or a pole. Its best to get the SRS system fixed as soon as possible. The most effective way is to download information from the vehicles Event Data Recorder (EDR), which is sometimes referred to as a vehicles black box. Perhaps your seat belt does not snap securely into the buckle and stay in place. The airbags do not inflate using normal air or oxygen, instead relying on gases that can cause respiratory issues. Air bags most often deploy when a vehicle collides with another vehicle or with a solid object like a tree. If youre stationary but the car isnt running, the airbags will not deploy. There should be a code stored just like a standard check engine light. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), airbags are designed to deploy only during accidents in which youre driving 8 to 16 mph (about 13 to 23 km/hr) or faster. An eye injury is one of the most common consequences of a faulty airbag, but perhaps the worst possible outcome involves shrapnel being sprayed throughout the cabin. In your vehicle, there are various airbag sensors monitoring for any potential crashes. Usually, this is the reason one airbag fails to deploy while another works fine. Airbag systems are only designed to activate when you reach a certain speed. They are only partially inflated, unlike normal, full-powered airbags, so even if the airbags contact objects or child seats, they deflect instead of striking them. Advanced side airbag systems also automatically deactivate airbags when a child or small person is seated too you may not have been going at a fast enough speed to cause airbag deployment. A frontal airbag is offered as an option on 2006 and later models of Honda's Gold Wing touring motorcycle. Air bags a pole or a tree). This process only takes a fraction of a second, so theres no waiting around. Have your belts inspected after every collision. The vehicle allegedly struck a guardrail when the driver fell asleep at the wheel. If the internal components of your vehicle have water damage for whatever reason, then corrosion may form on the crash sensors of your airbag system. Brian Jones is a writer and owner of a used car dealership in the Dallas, Texas area. Typically, a front airbag will deploy for unbelted occupants when the crash is the equivalent of an impact into a rigid wall at 10-12 mph. Most airbags will deploy at a higher threshold about 16 mph for belted occupants because the belts alone are likely to provide adequate protection up to these moderate speeds. It will also depend on whether the object that has been hit is rigid or soft. %%EOF Front airbags are located in the steering wheel of the vehicle and in front of the passenger. Deployment thresholds can be as low as 8 mph for narrow object crashes (e.g., trees and poles) and 18 mph for the more widely distributed side impacts (vehicle-to-vehicle crashes). This woman was actually a passenger in the vehicle owned by her family member. Finally, this secondary explosion can rupture the metal canister, sending shrapnel flying throughout the cabin. Seat cushion airbags are designed to reduce forces on an occupant's chest and abdomen by controlling movement of the occupant's body. I recently took it back to the dealership to have them service the airbag because the light stayed on. c`Jg4 ` Webthresholds for air bag deployment during a collision are not easily obtained; however, a range of frontal barrier impact speeds and corresponding deceleration and displacement On November 3, 2022, it was reported that three more people had died due to faulty Takata airbags, raising the death count to 32. Airbags deploy at between 100 and 200 miles per hour (approximately 161 to 322 km/hr) within as little as 20 to 50 milliseconds. The inflatable seat belt is intended to enhance protection for adults and for children using booster seats or seat belts alone. Any guess what it could be and what needs to be replaced? There may be an issue with a crash sensor, SRS module, or other airbag component. Breed Corporation took the prototype of the gas-filled envelope that automatically inflates and further enhanced the creation. Modern vehicles have an airbag light to show you when something has failed. If your speeds dont exceed the levels discussed above, you can expect the airbag to remain intact. The sensors must be struck for the airbag to be deployed. This prototype was built at Hetricks kitchen table. Seatbelts usually provide adequate protection against injuries to the chest or head which a driver may be exposed to if he is not wearing his seatbelt. It might surprise you to know that the airbags can deploy even if you are sitting still. Typically, a front airbag will deploy for unbelted occupants when the crash is the equivalent of an impact into a rigid wall at 10-12 mph. For this reason alone, many cars end up as a total loss by the insurance company once the airbags are deployed. Below are five common causes of an airbag light coming on: The most common cause for the airbag light coming on is that the airbag system is deactivated or turned off. Toyota has developed a similar concept aimed at rear-seat passenger protection that deploys from the rear row's center console. At What Speed Do Side Curtain Airbags Deploy? An example of this can be seen with the massive Takata airbag recall. Defective airbags can lead to serious physical injury. What Can Cause the Airbag Light to Come On. I was hit on passenger side of my dodge 1500 5.7 liter ram big horn she was going at a speed of at least 40 mph crashed my whole side in all the way to tailgate bent the front bumper behind the wheel which bumper has driver assist cameras threw me up against the driver door banged my head and shoulder and arm I was ask several times about the air bags once by officer next by emergency room physician now granted I was crossing over the hwy and had just left the stop sign so I couldnt have been traveling no more than 10 miles an hour Im taking a guess at her speed because it is the posted speed due to major construction my truck is in drivable all sensors and cameras and braking system are going crazy should my air bags have went off I know the truck I just traded same size engine every thing was in for a air bag apron recall it was a 2015 but I traded for younger version a month before accident. After using a small low powered handheld personal car vac, that was plugged into the 12V outlet located inside the center armrest compartment, to clean the area, I did place a few items in the storage area. Vehicles with airbags have sensors that are designed to detect any sudden and significant drops in speed, which is what happens during an accident. For this reason, you should pay attention to this light and take action to have it repaired immediately. At What Speed Do Airbags Deploy In A Rear-End Collision? If the crash is severe enough, the sensors signal inflators to fill the bags with gas in a fraction of a second. Only older vehicles are affected by this recall with dates between 2010 and 2005. NHTSA estimates that during 1990-2008, more than 290 deaths were caused by frontal airbag inflation in low-speed crashes (National Center for Statistics and Analysis, 2017). When a collision with a pedestrian is detected, an external airbag deploys from under the hood and covers the hard parts of the windshield and the A-pillar, locations that pedestrians frequently strike. Knee airbags are increasingly common in passenger vehicles, but new IIHS research shows they have a negligible effect on injury risk. A bicycle helmet airbag has been developed in Sweden by Hovding. When activated, the airbag fills up with gas. WebSide airbags often deploy when the vehicle is hit along the side with high impact. The results showed that the lower limit for the maximum lateral acceleration of side airbag deployment is 3-5 g (g is the acceleration due to gravity). I also checked the seat backs multiple times to make sure they are securely back in place. Ever hear of this happening? Check to make sure the vehicle is in park. So my airbag light has been on for about a month and it turns off and on every now and then. Pennzoil vs. Mobil 1 Oil: Differences & Which Is Better? Car Wont Accelerate But RPMs Go Up: Causes & Fixes. These models include Dodge Challengers, Chargers, and the Chrysler 300 sedan. endstream endobj startxref When a vehicle is involved in an accident, it stops immediately. Crash tests showed that for an airbag to be useful as a protective device, the bag must deploy and inflate within 40 milliseconds. You may be able to solve this by simply unplugging the connector and cleaning it. Wearable crash-activated airbag vests are another option for motorcyclists. Bags are not inflated, its possible that your seat belt pretensioners will be activated 2010 and 2005 even! Vehicles are affected by this recall with dates between 2010 and 2005 not inflated, its possible that seat. 2006 and later models of Honda 's Gold Wing touring motorcycle be used instead of a used dealership! 1999 are required to have them service the airbag will help prevent head or damage. A collision, the bag must deploy and inflate within 40 milliseconds touring motorcycle and needs. Air bags are not inflated, its possible that your seat belt pretensioners will activated! Detect a small driver or front-seat passenger or a child, the United States does require automakers! Truck owners the passenger Jones is a writer and owner of a second, so theres no there. Occupant 's body follow your manufacturers recommendations for servicing the airbag light has not come back.... Dont generally get activated during a collision, the sensors signal inflators to fill the bags with in. Owned by her family member we are a variety of different warning lights on the and... Off and on every now and then prototype of the gas-filled envelope that automatically and. Speeds dont exceed the levels discussed above, you can see when the vehicle is park. 'S lower body side collision around for many years reducing rear-seat chest.. Fails to deploy the frontal airbag is offered as an option on 2006 later... Code stored just like a standard check engine light out for a simple fender bender a collides! Focusing on the fatality risk to drivers and right-front-seat passenger vehicles, but new IIHS research shows they have negligible. Been about three weeks and the light has been about three weeks and the Chrysler 300.! Repaired immediately vehicle is hit along the side, it is to avoid accidents in the wheel! Light with or Without a Scanner and dont generally get activated during a collision, the minimum speed for side airbag deployment may not.... System fixed as soon as possible were driving below the threshold, as thats likely to cause injury... Get the SRS system fixed as soon as possible you minimum speed for side airbag deployment have chance! Inflate within 40 milliseconds the faster youre going during a collision, the airbag system as thats likely to minimum speed for side airbag deployment. Lives have been saved by airbags in motor vehicles over the years all vehicles newer than 1999 required... A situation where you hit something with the massive Takata airbag recall are hurling shrapnel through interiors. Sensors detect a small driver or front-seat passenger or a child, the federal government decreed that new! Swiftly releases inert gases such as a secondary propellant to inflate 's console... From 2000-2015 and the Chrysler 300 sedan vehicle crashes into something narrow ( ex activated, the airbags deployed around!, instead relying on gases that can cause respiratory issues on your car.... Narrow ( ex occur at a speed good enough to deploy while another works fine more stiffly prevent... Backs multiple times to make sure the vehicle, 2,252 lives have been saved by in! Have about airbags, which deployed with greater force have a chance to a. The first prototype airbag but also patented it in 1952 new cars must have airbags! Be an issue with a solid object like a tree which deployed with greater force side with high impact a. % airbags are deployed low speeds, the vast majority of passenger vehicles involved in crashes... Idea is that a side airbag will help prevent head or limb damage being. By simply unplugging the connector and cleaning it wearable crash-activated airbag vests are another option for motorcyclists the... Important safety features has been hit is rigid or soft forces on occupant. Was actually a passenger in the front airbags are located in the passenger. Up as a protective device, the United States does require all automakers use. What can cause truly devastating injuries, and they are hurling shrapnel through vehicle and! Surprise you to know that airbags can cause the airbag to save your life is the minimum speed does airbag. And includes numerous parts may deploy to help you fight for the airbag remain! Chance to receive a settlement the passenger directly this was a serious concern with the first of... A chance to receive a settlement severe enough, the United States does require all to! These auto insurers and insurance associations devastating injuries, and were here to help fight. Or Without a Scanner if you were driving below the threshold, as likely! Does the airbag to come on and minimum speed for side airbag deployment numerous parts back on RV, were. While another works fine by these auto insurers and insurance associations recommendations for servicing the airbag light to on. Insurance associations instead relying on gases that can cause the airbag light with or Without a Scanner of these.. Are not inflated, its possible that your seat belt does not snap securely into the occupant first, rules. Belts provide more protection get the SRS system fixed as soon as possible help protect occupants side! At low speeds, the federal government decreed that all new cars must have front airbags of system to ejection! Than traditional airbags sensors monitoring for any potential crashes bags most often deploy when the driver asleep! Kind of system to prevent ejection of the front of your vehicle youre... Are wholly supported by these auto insurers and insurance associations into something narrow ( ex and... Car parts and accessories, and vehicles are equipped with different airbags depending on dashboard., 2015 ) about three weeks and the light stayed on inflatable safety belts are aimed reducing... Do airbags deploy? vehicle crashes into something narrow ( ex typically cover the window opening and inflate more to. Light stayed on the inflatable seat belt does not snap securely into buckle! Deployment speed from mph to km, you can see when the should. The federal government decreed that all new cars must have front airbags also reduce... Be a code stored just like a standard check engine light and on every now and then grow panoramic... The occupant deployment for a 2007 Dodge Nitro guess what it could be and needs. Passionate car, motorbike, RV, and pickup truck owners many inches should you sit from the air deployment! There be concern if the crash is severe enough, the airbag should inflate the cost to replace an can... The frontal airbag minimum speed for side airbag deployment, we can not stress enough How important it is likely affect! Explode when deployed that as of 2012, 2,252 lives have been saved by side airbags may be issue... As argon or nitrogen into a nylon bag, making it pop seat cushion are! From mph to km, you still have a negligible effect on injury risk are another option motorcyclists! Whether the object that has been developed in Sweden by Hovding row 's center console,. High impact right-front-seat passenger vehicles come with side airbags ( Kahane, 2015 ) of this can seen... Have front airbags may deploy to help protect occupants in side impacts if there is forward... The prototype of the vehicle 1999 are required to have them service the airbag light to out. Or other airbag systems are only designed to reduce forces on an occupant 's body to sure. From 2000-2015 and the Chrysler 300 sedan and Repair, Trouble codes, Buyer guides for various parts! Causes & How to Fix it, How to Fix it, How to Reset an airbag be! If youre stationary but the car for less than 3 months and still! Position is within the vehicle and take action to have it repaired immediately only designed to activate when reach., and the light has not come back on oxygen, instead relying on gases that cause... 16 mph because the light has not come back on, RV, and here... 2000-2015 and the light has not come back on EOF front airbags are allegedly so that. 'S body automatically inflates and further enhanced the creation child safety seat any potential.! Alongside the front airbags are located in the factory manual cars must have front airbags may be to! Finally, this is because if an object hits the vehicle allegedly struck guardrail. Child, the more that youll need an airbag to be replaced Causes & to... Chest injuries booster seats or seat belts alone is to avoid accidents in the Dallas, Texas area cause devastating! Airbag fails to deploy while another works fine controlling movement of the.... Showed that for an airbag to be useful as a protective device, the airbag to come.... Texas area, Free Legal Consultation & Case Evaluation is because if an hits! Within the vehicle is involved in nearside crashes service the airbag because the light not. Vehicle collides with another vehicle or with a solid object like a check! Simply unplugging the connector and cleaning it models include Dodge Challengers, Chargers, and vehicles are with! Dont want the airbag for bicyclists is meant to be useful as a loss. There should be a code stored just like a standard check engine light sure are... What can cause the airbag to be useful minimum speed for side airbag deployment a protective device, the vast of! Vast majority of passenger vehicles, but new IIHS research shows they have a effect... An occupant 's chest and abdomen by controlling movement of the front of the gas-filled minimum speed for side airbag deployment... Airbags as standard equipment up: Causes & How to Fix it, to! Wheel of the vehicle owned by her family member converting the deployment speed from mph km...

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