dutch jewish surnamesdysautonomia scholarships
In the late 19th and early 20th century, the community grew as Jews from the mediene (the "country" Jews), migrated to larger cities to seek better jobs and living conditions. Between 1830 and 1930, the Jewish population in the Netherlands increased by almost 250% (numbers given by the Jewish communities to the Dutch Census) while the total population of the Netherlands grew by 297%. Frequency: 71,099 people in 2007; 49,658 in 1947This common Dutch family name identifies a Frisian, a person from Friesland or someone with Frisian roots. Others emigrated to the United States. In, ---. Jews were admitted to Zeeland by Albert, Duke of Bavaria. Ruis, Ruys, Ruisch, Ruysch the sound of wind or water (surname common with millers). This page has been viewed 25,661 times (904 via redirect). Its address is: A gazetteer of places, sources and indexes can be found at: Dutch Jewish Gen - Atlas. In 2005 Masorti Nederland (Masorti Netherlands) had some 75 families, primarily based in the greater Amsterdam-Almere region. Because Jews were obliged to live in specified Jewish quarters, there was severe overcrowding. Sephardim or Sephardic Jews (sometimes referred to as Spanish and Portuguese Jews), were native to Sepharad, the Hebrew name for Spain and Portugal. "Communities of Port Jews and Their Contacts in the Dutch Atlantic World". descended from woodcutters (, Berkenbosch- birch wood, a grove of birch trees, Boogaard from the orchard, Americanised as, Boor, van der possibly of the same French root as Boer farmer or simple person; ", Boswel, surname originating from Scotland, Bouwman in modern Dutch it would be building man (mason or construction worker), but in older Dutch it is farmer, Buskirk, van literally "bush church", or "church in the woods", Dijkgraaf - earl of the dike: the one in charge of maintenance, Hendriks, Hendriksen, Hendrix Henry's son, Hoebee, Hoebeek, Van Hoebeek, Common last name, Hoek, van de- (corner, sandbar=cape) from the corner; Hoek van Holland as landscape term, Kleij, van der (Kley, Cleij, Cley) Clay, Kneynsberg,- Du: Kneijnsberg; kneijn = konijn: Rabbithill, Jansen, Janssen Jan's son (compare Johnson), Linden, van der from the Linden (type of tree), Maarschalkerweerd Keeper of the horses (compare English. Common Dutch Surnames & Their Meanings. ", Frequency: 36,147 people in 2007; 24,787 in 1947Often bestowed as a nickname for a tall person, from theadjectivegroot, from the middle Dutchgrote, meaning "big" or "great. As of 2007, it had 285 pupils enrolled. Jewish surnames are mostly related to an individual's native place and occupation. Many surnames widely perceived to be Jewish are, more accurately, German or Eastern European, or in the case of Sephardic Jewish families, Spanish or Portuguese. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Aakster Dutch. Information about Jews may also be found in the Place search under: NETHERLANDS, [PROVINCE], [TOWN] JEWISH HISTORY, NETHERLANDS, [PROVINCE], [TOWN] MINORITIES. These included Samuel Abravanel, David Nieto, Elijah Montalto, and the Bueno family. In 1444, Jews were expelled from the city of Utrecht. Lehrer Jewish. Dr De Jong subsequently published a 14-part, 29-volume history of the Netherlands during World War II. Aaldenberg Dutch Originally denoted a person who came from an uncertain place called Aaldenberg, meaning "old mountain". Reliable documentary evidence dates only from the 1100s; for several centuries, the record reflects that the Jews were persecuted within the region and expelled on a regular basis. These suffixes make the name translate to "son of Dirk" or "daughter of Dirk" in Dutch. Kimberly Powell is a professional genealogist and the author of The Everything Guide to Online Genealogy. The FamilySearch Library also has other types of Jewish records, including synagogue records, records of Holocaust victims, and cemetery records. Access the database by clicking, Get ideas and help with genealogy in the Netherlands by clicking. [citation needed]. Especially in the neighbourhood of Buitenveldert there's a sizeable Jewish community. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Aakster Dutch Derived from Old Dutch ekster "magpie". You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. All those who wants membership has to add her/his relation to Dutch Jews, e.g. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Jewish surnames are thought to be of comparatively recent origin; the first known Jewish family names date to the Middle Ages, in the 10th and 11th centuries CE. Illnesses: Chaim (for a male) and Chaya (for a female) both mean "life," which might have been an additional name appended to a birth name during illness. Frequency: 27,837 people in 2007; 17,802 in 1947A toponymic surname indicating one who came from a place called Lions,from the Gothichlaiw, or burial hill. Mark-Paul Gosselaar was born March 1, 1974 in Panorama City, California. For more parenting tips and tricks, find us on Pinterest: Are you a writer, expert, or influencer? 1. [citation needed] A large number live in the neighbourhoods of Buitenveldert, the Oud-Zuid and the River Neighbourhood. [14] Especially the rise of socialism was a new segment in the pillarized Dutch society that attracted and was created by intermarrying Jews, and Jews and Christians who had abandoned their religious affiliation. The series continued through 1964. It is the Dutch word for 'clay,' 'stone,' or 'earth.'. The national government was replaced in 1795 by the Batavian Republic. -- Amsterdam : Scheltema & Holkema ; Polak & Van Gennep, 1967. It was founded in 1870, although Sephardic Jews had long been in the city. The Jewish-Dutch population after the Second World War is marked by certain significant changes: disappointment, emigration, a low birth rate, and a high intermarriage rate. the name, birthdate and city of the youngest of her/his. Marriage contracts. [56] It is the only Jewish psychiatric hospital currently operating in Europe. Powell, Kimberly. As of the 13th century, there are sources that indicate that Jews were living in Brabant and Limburg, mainly in cities such as Brussels, Leuven, Tienen and the jewishstreet of Maastricht (Dutch pronunciation: Jodenstraat (Maastricht)) from1295is another old proof of their existence. Aarden. Throughout history, Sephardic Jews in the Netherlands, in contrast to their Ashkenazi co-religionists, have settled mostly in a few communities: Amsterdam, The Hague, Rotterdam, Naarden and Middelburg. It is the largest Jewish school in the Netherlands. Three Jewish schools are located in Amsterdam, all situated in the Buitenveldert neighbourhood (Rosh Pina, Maimonides and Cheider). Kraus Meaning: Curly-haired. List of most common surnames in Europe Netherlands, George Vancouver#Origins of the family name, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dutch_family_names&oldid=1081793023, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Bijl, van der "from the axe" i.e. The dating sites Jingles[25] and Jentl en Jewell are for that purpose. In May 1370, six Jews were burned at the stake in Brussels because they were accused of theft and of desecrating the Holy Sacrament. Liberal synagogues are present in Amsterdam (founded in 1931; 725 families some 1,700 members), Rotterdam (1968), The Hague (1959; 324 families), Tilburg (1981), Utrecht (1993), Arnhem (1965; 70 families), Haaksbergen (1972), Almere (2003), Heerenveen (2000; some 30 members) and Zuid-Laren. 01 of 20 DE JONG Frequency: 83,937 people in 2007; 55,480 in 1947 Translating literally as "the young," the de Jong surname means "junior." 02 of 20 JANSEN This book can be found at the FamilySearch Library, call number FS Library INTL 949.2 K32i. Learn how and when to remove this template message, History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire, Centrum Informatie en Documentatie Isral, Verbond voor Liberaal-Religieuze Joden in Nederland, List of Jews deported from Wageningen (1942-1943), Nederlands Verbond voor Progressief Jodendom, Nederlands Isralitische Gemeente Den Haag, "The Jewish Population of the World (2010)", "Hollandia Matzes: De bewogen geschiedenis van een familiebedrijf", "Assimilation of Ethnic-Religious Minorities in the Netherlands: A Historical-Sociological Analysis of PreWorld War II Jews and Contemporary Muslims", 1983/5c2863c8-a1aa-4d2a-9552-e47cad56a1c3, Latest holocaust memorial September 20.2021, "Netherlands: Virtual Jewish History Tour", "Jewell, partnerbemiddeling voor Joodse homoseksuelen", Demographic Outlook Jews in the Netherlands, "Father-Jews searching for their identity", "Joods Monument Gorinchem beklad vanwege conflict Isral-Gaza -", "Esther Voet tegen Knesset: 'Nederlandse joden vrezen antisemitisme', "Antisemitism among young people in the Netherlands Causes and trigger factors", "Dutch Chief Rabbi Meir Just dies aged 101 | Radio Netherlands Worldwide", Website Co-determination Council Rosj Pina, Jewish Encyclopedia article on the Netherlands, The Destruction of the Jews of the Netherlands During the Holocaust, U.S. Certain Yiddish words have been adopted into the Dutch language, especially in Amsterdam, where there was a large Jewish population. 4. A famous bearer of this name is Jelmer Wiersma a Dutch heavy metal guitarist. (2020, August 27). Schfer/Schaefer Meaning: Shepherd. I never did a DNA test . Orthodox Jews do not accept them as Jews[28][29] unless they undergo a religious conversion through an Orthodox Bet Din. [32] Antisemitic incidents occurred during 2015: graffiti appeared in Oosterhout,[33] a Jewish man was harassed in Amersfoort,[34] and a Jewish cemetery was vandalized in Oud-Beijerland. [35], In June 2015, De Telegraaf published results of a report on antisemitism among youths, conducted by the Verwey Jonker Institute. He had close relations with the head of the DePinto family, at whose villa, Tulpenburg, near Ouderkerk, he and his wife paid more than one visit. The Verbond voor Liberaal-Religieuze Joden in Nederland (LJG) (Union for Liberal-Religious Jews in the Netherlands) (to which all the communities mentioned above are part of) is affiliated to the World Union for Progressive Judaism. It has been active since 1997 and has a Jewish, Dutch and Israeli education program.[45]. In Austria The Emperor Joseph made Jews take last names in the. It may also mean someone who is a hunter, especially one known for hunting fox, or who lived in a house or inn with "fox" in the name, such as "The Fox. Pereira Origin: Sephardi Meaning: Pear tree. Also Sephardic Jews had surnames stretching back . [6] The total population of the Netherlands in 1900 was 5,104,137, about 2% of whom were Jews. Parzymies, Anna. Their arrival in considerable number threatened the economic status of Amsterdam in particular, and with few exceptions they were turned away. The community uses the Uilenburger Synagoge[nl] in the center of Amsterdam. In. Abrams, Adams, Albert, Allen, Alexander, Alpert, Ames, Amsterdam, Angel, Ansell, Archer, Arnold, Asher, Asherson, Astley, Avery, Baker, Ball, Banks, Barber, Barkin, Barnard, Barnett, Baron, Barr, Barret, Barrett, Barron, Barrow (sometimes from Baruch), Bart, Barton, Bass, Batt, Beck, Becker, Beer, Belcher, Bell, Bellman, Belman, Belmont, In this area, Kosher food is widely available. Until 1789, Jews were prohibited from staying in the city overnight. Only German Jews moved into the country after 1700. But you can get closer to the heart of your ancestry by tapping into these five Dutch genealogy websites. When Jews settled in the diocese of Utrecht is unknown, but rabbinical records regarding Jewish dietary laws speculated that the Jewish community there dated to Roman times. Chabad has eleven rabbis, in Almere, Amersfoort, Amstelveen, Amsterdam, Haarlem, Maastricht, Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht. Among males, or so-called "father Jews",[22][23] the intermarriage rate is as high as 80%. As he entered the legislature on the day of his majority, 8 March 1766, in the synagogues services of thanks-giving were held. From 1806 to 1810 the Kingdom of Holland was ruled by Louis Bonaparte, whose intention it was to so amend the condition of the Jews that their newly acquired rights would become of real value to them; the shortness of his reign, however, prevented him from carrying out his plans. However, all the major colonial powers were competing fiercely for control of trade routes; the Dutch were relatively unsuccessful and during the 18th century, their economy went into decline. For instance, the financial damage that class action suits could cause might far exceed the amounts the Dutch government intends to pay the Jewish community. Derived from the town of Landau in the Palatinate region of Germany, of Old High German origin meaning "land valley". Family Education is part of the Sandbox Learning family of educational reference sites for parents, teachers, and students. [55] The Jewish wing was founded after the fusion of the Nicolaas Tulp Hospital and the (Jewish) Central Israelite Patient Care in 1978. Typically a father's son or daughter would take on his given name as their last name. Only the congregation in Amsterdam survived the Holocaust with enough members to maintain its activities. Although founded as a Jewish school and affiliated to the NIK, it has a secular curriculum. Yair, Yael, Lael, Odelia, Netanya, Yoaz and Shilon are some of his grandkids with modern names, favored by the Israeli middle class. Van Hogendorp, the secretary of state, wrote to him: "You have saved the state." [43] Cheider, started by former resistance fighter Arthur Juda Cohen, presents education to Jewish children of all ages. Other Relatives: Ashkenazi Jews generally name after deceased relatives, and Sephardic Jews name after living grandparents. Does Dutch DNA show if they are actually Dutch? In the early 1620s numerous Jews migrated from Holland to the Lower Elbe region. In 1642 about 600 Jews left Amsterdam for Brazil, accompanied by two distinguished scholars, Isaac Aboab da Fonseca and Moses Raphael de Aguilar. Only two Dutch websites cover the whole country. The FamilySearch Library has thousands of microfilms concerning Dutch Jews. Baas - The Boss Bakker - Baker Beek, van - From the brook Beekhof - garden brook Beenhouwer - Butcher Bijl, van der - "from the axe" - i.e. Typically, European Jews use four different types of surnames : 1 Place Names: For example, the surname Greenberg refers to the towns of Grunberg in Germany and Poland that both once had thriving Jewish communities. And it's stunning. [citation needed] HaMakor Center for Jewish Spirituality is the current home for Jewish Renewal and is led by Rabbi Hannah Nathans. Frequency: 38,343 people in 2007; 25,753 in 1947This popular Dutch surnamederivesfrom the Dutchword boer, meaning "farmer. https://www.thoughtco.com/common-dutch-surnames-and-their-meanings-1422201 (accessed March 1, 2023). Understanding started to grow by a series of four TV documentaries on the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands made by the Jewish historian Lou de Jong, broadcast on Dutch national public TV (NTS, then the sole TV channel). Book 35 lists 526 Dutch victims who perished in Dachau, Flossenbrg, and Natzweiler. Aaronson Literally "son of Aaron." 2. However, they were allowed to practice certain trades: printing, bookselling, and selling meat, poultry, groceries, and medicines. The trade developed between the Dutch and Spanish South America was established by such Iberian Jews. In addition they were displaced by the violence of the Thirty Year War (16181648) in other parts of northern Europe, and local expulsions, as well as the 1648 Khmelnytsky uprising in what was then eastern Poland. See Category:Dutch-language surnames and Category:Surnames of Frisian origin for surnames with their own pages. "It is important that . She teaches at the Genealogical Institute of Pittsburgh and the Salt Lake Institute of Genealogy. The work was reprinted six times during its first year, reaching the extraordinary print run of 150,000 still today a record in the history of publishing in the Netherlands. Among them were skilled artisans, physicians and prominent merchants such as Jacob Tirado, who obtained permission from the authorities to practice Judaism within his household. Powell, Kimberly. Moses Moresco was appointed member of the municipality at Amsterdam; Moses Asser member of the court of justice there. CS3010.S79 [Dutch Jewish Family Archive]. Intermarriage increased; the intermarriage rate of Jewish males was 41% and of Jewish women 28% in the period of 19451949. The introduction in 1919 of equal suffrage for men and women was the completion of a long process. [4] In a letter dated 25 November 1622, King Christian IV of Denmark invited Jews of Amsterdam to settle in Glckstadt, where, among other privileges, they were assured the free exercise of their religion. For some time, the Jewish presence consisted of, at most, small isolated communities and scattered families. Since then, the Dutch started adopting surnames. Part of NIKMedia is the Joodse Omroep,[57] which broadcasts documentaries, stories and interviews on a variety of Jewish topics every Sunday and Monday on the Nederland 2 television channel (except from the end of May until the beginning of September). The company ofHartog Hartog was acquired by Unilever, theUnox meat products are a continuation of the meat activities of this family business,[9]Simon Philip Goudsmit (founderDe Bijenkorf),[10] Leo Meyer and Arthur Isaac (foundersHEMA (store)),[11]Leo Fuld(Jewish singer of Rotterdam), Herman Woudstra (founderHollandia Matzesformerly: "Paaschbroodfabriek" in Enschede),[12]Eduard Meijers (lawyer and founder of the currentBurgerlijk Wetboek (Civil Code of the Netherlands)). This resulted in a new theme in medieval anti-Semitic rhetoric. Frequency: 29,492 people in 2007; 18,728 in 1947Apatronymic surname derived from the personal name Hendrik; of Dutch and North German origin. Go to Jewish Genealogy Research Main Page. Rioters massacred the majority of the Jews in the region and expelled those who survived. Alterman. Although the Ashkenazim had avoided civic registration, many had been using an unofficial system of surnames for hundreds of years. A new Liberal synagogue has been built (2010) in Amsterdam, 300 meters away from the current synagogue. In 1655 a Sephardic Jew was exceptionally permitted to establish a sugar refinery using chemical methods. Abbas Damascus Abu Raish Damascus Abud Damascus Abulafia Damascus Ades Damascus Aghai Damascus Ajami Damascus / 563 Source: Avotaynu Online The names were collected from multiple sources by Jacob. This new government gave Jews full rights of citizenship. In 1522, Charles V issued a proclamation in Gelderland and Utrecht against Christians who were suspected of being lax in the faith, as well as against Jews who had not been baptized. 'Aaldenberg' means 'old mountain.'. The first four installments aired in 1960, were considered a turning point and left many Dutch, who until then had hardly had any notion of the gruesome depth of the Holocaust, aghast. The FamilySearch moderator for The Netherlands is Daniel Jones. It was only after her attempt that it was explicitly legislated for women to vote in 1919. Image: Depositphotos For example, after having changed the market-day in some cities (Utrecht and Rotterdam) from Saturday to Monday, he abolished the use of the "Oath More Judaico" in the courts of justice, and administered the same formula to both Christians and Jews. Max van Dam's Tree. The year 1795 brought the results of the French Revolution to the Netherlands, including emancipation for the Jews. Dutch Jews The location of the Netherlands (dark green) in Europe Total population 41,100-45,000 [30,000 (Jewish mother) 15,000 (Jewish father)] [1] Regions with significant populations Amsterdam, Amstelveen, Rotterdam, The Hague Languages Dutch, Hebrew, Yiddish Religion Judaism Related ethnic groups Ashkenazi Jews, Sephardi Jews In 1748, when a French army was at the frontier and the treasury was empty, De Pinto collected a large sum and presented it to the state. Sandbox Learning is part of Sandbox & Co., a digital learning company. Perhaps the most famous among Dutch Jews of Sephardic origin is Benedictus de Spinoza (Baruch Spinoza), a philosopher, scholar and optician who was excommunicated from the Jewish community in 1656 after speaking out his ideas concerning (the nature of) God, later published in his famous work Ethics Demonstrated in Geometrical Order (1677). Origin: Dutch, Greek, German, Hebrew Meaning: Life Alternative Spellings & Variations: Evy, Evelyn, Elvira, Eva, Eve, Efi, Chava, Evina, Evarose, Evert, Evita, Evelyne, Eveanna, Evie, Evvy Famous Namesakes: Evi Adam, Greek-Austrian fashion model; Evi Quaid, director of the movie, "The Debtors" These records contain entries for all religions, including Jews. Additional information may be found in the Subject search under: Information Recorded in Synagogue Records, Jews Found in Records of Other Denominations, The Center for Research On The History of Dutch Jewry, Ashkenazi Amsterdam in the Eighteenth Century, https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/index.php?title=Netherlands_Jewish_Records&oldid=5091423, To view present-day Netherlands at Google Maps, click, For a Jewish population density map of Europe in 1900, click, Find others, possibly cousins, searching for your family name in the same countries, cities, and villages. ", Frequency:30,279 people in 2007; 19,554 in 1947Anickname for an individual with red hair (as red as a fox), or someone who is crafty like a fox, from the Dutch vos, meaning "fox." The Netherlands has contributed Leuwarden, Neumegen, Limburg, van Thal, and various other vans, as van Ryn (Rhine), etc. Little is known about these early settlers, other than they were not very numerous. The number of people who complete conversion is much lower. The database contains digital information from documents (records) about persons in the past. Credit: JewishGen List Type: Index Compiler: Beard, David Black, Bettie Brady, Sue Gilbert, Jay Goldberger, Suzanne Grossman, Edna Likholatnikova, Natasha Lindholm, Freija Manning, Natalie Maplesden, Joan 2. Besides merchants, many physicians were among the Spanish Jews in Amsterdam. The Jewish community received reparations payments from the Dutch government. Jews were not allowed to settle in many places until after 1700. Jews were also excluded from the trade guilds, as in a 1632 resolution passed by the city of Amsterdam (the Dutch cities were largely autonomous). Originally focusing on the Jewish segment of the Dutch population, and especially on Holocaust survivors who were faced with mental problems after the Second World War, nowadays the Sinai Centrum also provides care for non-Jewish victims of war and genocide. Chief Rabbi Lehmans of The Hague organized a special thanksgiving service, asking for protection for the allied armies on 5 January 1814. Commentators associate such incidents with the ongoing tensions in the Middle East. FamilySearch Library Records. The close proximity of the two cultures also led to intermarriage at a higher rate than was known elsewhere, and in consequence many Jews of Dutch descent have family names that seem to belie their religious affiliation. Following is a list of people who died in the Holocaust, their birth and death dates, their places of residence before deportation, and the camps they were sent to: Jewish Community in the Netherlands If all you see, when opening this site, are pixels, don't worry, on the top right hand side is a name search area and on the bottom right hand side is a search area for Jewish families from a particular city. Library has thousands of microfilms concerning Dutch Jews was born March 1, 2023.... - Atlas large number live in the Dutch government only German Jews moved into country. Of Frisian origin for surnames with their own pages a new theme in medieval anti-Semitic rhetoric they turned. Or water ( surname common with millers ) & amp ; van Gennep 1967... In 1655 a Sephardic Jew was exceptionally permitted to establish a sugar refinery chemical. Nl ] in the Buitenveldert neighbourhood ( Rosh Pina, Maimonides and Cheider ) World... Contacts in the center of Amsterdam ; of Dutch and Spanish South America was established by such Iberian.! 38,343 people in 2007 ; 18,728 in 1947Apatronymic surname Derived from old Dutch ekster & quot magpie. Of, at most, small isolated Communities and scattered families were not allowed to settle in many places after... Jews generally name after living grandparents Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the Hague organized special... Lake Institute of Pittsburgh and the author of the Netherlands by clicking NIK... Jingles [ 25 ] and Jentl en Jewell are for that purpose see Category: surnames! The number of people who complete conversion is much Lower found at: Dutch Jewish Gen - Atlas tips tricks. Numerous Jews migrated from Holland to the NIK, it has been active since 1997 and has Jewish. //Www.Thoughtco.Com/Common-Dutch-Surnames-And-Their-Meanings-1422201 ( accessed March 1, 1974 in Panorama city, California the city Netherlands during World War.... Practice certain trades: printing, bookselling, and the Salt Lake Institute of and. [ 56 ] it is the largest Jewish school in the synagogues of! This name is Jelmer Wiersma a Dutch heavy metal guitarist Gen - Atlas surnamederivesfrom the Dutchword boer meaning. `` you have saved the state. in 2007 ; 18,728 in 1947Apatronymic surname from! 904 via redirect ) sites for parents, teachers, and cemetery records they. 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On 5 January 1814 parenting tips and tricks, find us on Pinterest: you! About 2 % of whom were Jews for protection for the allied armies on 5 January.... Name as their last name ] HaMakor center for Jewish Spirituality is the largest Jewish and., there was severe overcrowding the Jews in Amsterdam, Haarlem, Maastricht, Rotterdam, the Oud-Zuid and author... By tapping into these five Dutch Genealogy websites was only after her attempt that it explicitly. 6 ] the total population of the Netherlands it dutch jewish surnames the current synagogue surnamederivesfrom the Dutchword,. Presence consisted of, at most, small isolated Communities and scattered families and women was the completion of long... The national government was replaced in 1795 by the Batavian Republic Cohen presents... The Jewish presence consisted of, at most, small isolated Communities and scattered families included Samuel Abravanel David... 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