12v battery state of charge chartdysautonomia scholarships

Running a few appliances just to test it. I hope I was useful. Note: Voltage measurements are only approximate to determine SOC. A fully charged 12-volt battery shows a total read of 12.6; if it shows anywhere in between 12.4 to 12.8, then your battery health is perfect. Would you tell me the process or the web-site that I can learn? Makers of advanced BMS claim high accuracies but real life often shows otherwise. 50% SoC - 5.25A Load - Volts =12.11V. Measuring SoC independently of voltage also supports dock arrivals and showrooms. . VMAXTANKS Technical Data shows VMAX battery charts, tables, calculators and manuals for VMAX chargers. What would be an expected voltage at 1.265 SG vs. the voltage at 1.24 SG. 100W, 400W + Calculator, How Long Will A 200Ah Battery Last? But be sure to check for data on your particular battery as it may be slightly different. AGM (Absorbed Glass Mat) Lead-Acid Battery State of Charge Chart Select Battery or Battery Pack Voltage 12 Volt Battery 24 Volt Battery Pack 36 Volt Battery Pack 48 Volt Battery Pack 60 Volt Battery Pack AGM lead-acid batteries are used on practically all electric scooters, bikes, and go karts. This is referred to as the battery open circuit voltage. Just wondering if you can tell me what would be the best cutoff voltage for running something from a car battery when the engine is off. Remove the load, wait for ten minutes, and measure the state-of-charge if the battery hasn't passed the load test. Each battery chemistry delivers its own unique discharge signature. Pulsed loading verifies actual power delivery in real time, where coulomb counting assumes that power delivery is present. THANK YOU! (( Battery Hydrometer ))View the most popular hydrometer on amzn. Great chart! State of Charge vs Battery Bank Voltage The state of charge of a battery describes the difference between a fully charged battery and the same battery in use. the batteries are hardly one year old. Please explain the influence of temperature on specific gravity and voltage of lead acid battery in tropical conditions? Occasional dips into the yellow may not be harmful, but continual discharges to those levels will shorten battery life considerably. Hopefully, you can now use the lead-acid battery voltage charts to adequately calculate the battery charges and/or voltages. Every time I check the Specific Gravity, it's in the red, 1.175 or lower. 2. I can think of the "cold current" of a filament door lamp, but 20A still seems quite high. variation through out the day. A fully charged 12V battery or battery-pack will read 12.7V or above; once that reaches 12V or below, that power unit is considered dead. A device that produces and stores electrical energy as a result of a chemical reaction. Thanks for the PDF, newby to solar power. So the battery charge voltage at 40C would be 27.7V. Lead acid comes with different plate compositions that must be considered when measuring SoC by voltage. LIFEPO4 Performance Charts. For example, a battery with a 30% depth of discharge has a 70% state of charge. Batteries will eventually die, but when and how? The sensor replaces the existing battery cap. Second, you'll want to check the voltage of the battery before you start charging it. What am I missing? What is the manufacturing difference between C20 deep cycle battery and C10 solar battery?? AGM battery voltage. There is yet another and quite accurate means of measuring SOC in open port lead acid batterieis through the use of refractometry. Two Step Constant Voltage. endstream endobj 228 0 obj <. Hey there, for this circuit here: **broken link removed** (a 12v SLA battery monitor) I need to know the maximum and minimum voltages of the battery I'm using (essentially its voltage when fully charged and its voltage when flat). Battery Volts and State of Charge . Saw this as I was looking for a SG to SOC chart and thought I would make a couple of comments. And a 50% Depth of Discharge (DoD) for AGM and GEL batteries. Battery voltage reacts highly to charging and discharging. 12V Lead-acid battery voltage chart 12.6 volts or more: A voltage reading of over 12.6 volts indicates that your battery is fully charged and in good condition, so there is nothing to worry about. victor from NIGERIA, Hi Im Tommy from Indian wells golf resort in California, i have a fleet of 160, they get used alot in season, now its summer we are slow, i have them in rotation, always have, when a certain section stays in for 2 days the battery percentage on the gps units will be 100%, a day or 2 later drops down to 85 to 80% or lower because they havent been used, is that good for the battery? This method will report capacity changes due to temperature. Can anyone help me. Thats the specific gravity tool the article talks about. (+/- 96mV per C from a 25C Delta - 48V System) Higher or lower settings may cause incorrect adjustments in charge voltage. I started to used it on my 24 months 60AH 12V Maintenance Free Battery. Hi. 0000004750 00000 n During this stage, the current draw gradually decreases as the topping charge of the . The gravity on that one varies constantly, and I have to add water more often. Sealed or Flooded Lead Acid battery voltage. They ' re a great ascent from 12V lead acid batteries . Starting is Easy, but can I Steer and Brake? There doesn't seem to be a section for the 12V battery state-of-charge. Note: The 100% voltage is NOT the recommended charging voltage (which will be higher, and multi-stage). It would be wise to buy a desulfator unit for your batteries in order to reverse sulfation of the plates after long periods of less than 100% charge. After using it by the instructions, I got it to hold a full charge and used it for 2 more years. air), Sensible Heat (BTU/hr) = 1.1 x CFM x t (std. 24V = 12 x 2.5VPC = 30V. The voltage of AGM battery is not fixed, it changes with battery SOC (State of Charge). 2022 Isidor Buchmann. So now we know how much we can discharge this isnt a whole lot of energy. . It is associated with the remaining quantity of electricity available in the cell. Can the Lead-acid Battery Compete in Modern Times? even after discharge the ocv reduces momentarily but again the ocv goes upto 13.0v. At 0% charge, a 12V lead acid battery will have an 11.36V voltage. Just to pint out, I'm not a scientist, I'm just a very curios individual. Given every thing fine automative battery graveti explain detail. The most blatant error of the voltage-based SoC occurs when disturbing a battery with a charge or discharge. Went 8 days without using the generator and now well into my next 8 days. One batt has 10.5v the other .5-1v. If the test reading is red before and after charging the battery. 48V = 24 x 2.5VPC = 60V. Note that a fully dead battery has 10.5 volts of resting charge. I have Trojan GEL battery 225Ah when I unplug the charger, it reads 13.2v after 24 hr. = 4.5 x CFM x h (std. Surface charge further fools SoC estimations by showing an elevated voltage immediately after charge; a brief discharge before measurement counteracts the error. I have heard this is too high of a voltage to keep a battery at! I have a 24V lead acid battery (for a fork truck). Nothing in the battery world is absolute. Set your meter to DC volts. BU-201: How does the Lead Acid Battery Work? Will Secondary Batteries replace Primaries? Measuring SoC by impedance spectroscopy can also be used for load leveling systems where a battery is continuously under charge and discharge. [ Read: Lead Acid Batteries State Of Charge versus Freezing Temperature ]. If taken to a lesser voltage level, some of the sulfate deposits that form during discharge will remain on the plates. The meters on the other hand can get way off. Here we present the LiFePO 4 state of charge chart for 12V LiFePO 4 batteries: State of Charge (SoC) x Measured Voltage table for a 12V LiFePO 4 battery And its corresponding curve: State of Charge vs. To put this in perspective, when this battery was discharged at 2X - 2.5X your average cruising boat . 0000001293 00000 n Error :A lead baterie contains sulfate no sulfite SO4-- no SO3 . See www.jsaphotonics.com. 0 Track the current flow in and out of the battery with a shunt and associated metering circuit (common with alt-energy systems). What about temperature? If your battery volt read is more than 12.8, like 12.9 or 13, then your battery is excessively charged. I expected to find 0.0V. The capacity that geometrically decays is the "AVAILABLE" capacity, and not the overall capacity. Can we replace the battery acid with a new one and charge again or garbage the battery. Can anyone help me with a code for Arduino, for finding the SOC using Coulomb Counting method? I'm trying to decide if I should buy 55AH, 75, 90 or 115AH deep cycle gel if they will fit in the same area. Then measure the temperature of the battery and compare . Overcharging (and equalizing) leads to water loss. The highest voltage 48V lead battery can achieve is 50.92V at 100% charge. The car works as usual as far as I can tell (it's about 11 months old and has done just over 3000 miles). It is also important to note that lead batteries have a depth of discharge (DoD) close to about 50%. The resulting agitation distorts the voltage and it no longer represents a correct SoC reference. SEER = (1 EER100% + 42 EER75% + 45 EER50% + 12 EER25%)/100, Total Heat (BTU/hr.) What is the recommended charging volts for C10 tubular per cell at 27?? But the chart above will provide a general view for state of charge. I have combined them a few times, then manually started equalization. I removed the screw on caps and noticed all cells were dry and sulfated. Hi, I use two package of Lead Acid battery(Panasonic LC-R127R2) as the power source to supplement a medical device, now I am on the software development of the power management board to realize a functionality that monitor the SOC(state of charge) and send the value of SOC to a computer via UART periodically. As an analogy to understand the problem I am referring to: What would be the meaning of having a car gas indicator indicate a half a tank of gas if every time we refuel the car its gas tank got a little bit smaller? In that case use use the following chart, which compensates for . hello. No equalization (or set it to 14.4V if possible). Finally got my inverter wired to my automatic transfer switch and electrical panel. I realize now I was really punishing them On April 30, 2018 at 9:43am chase magnuson wrote: what should each of a fully charged lead-acid automotive battery measure? However, the minute you apply a load to it, the voltage plummets and nothing happens. This works out to a charging voltage of 3.55 to 3.65 volts per cell. They are in full charged at 14.6 volts and amply discharged at 10 volts. Your 13.2 reading is quite good. This reduces corrosion and prolongs life but it decreases the specific energy, or capacity. I close by a thankyou to batteryuniversity and this venue. In addition, heat raises the voltage while cold causes a decrease. Yes, you can overcharge a battery using a solar panel. Where to measure the SOC of the battery? Battery is recovering after removing a load. Note: For longer battery life, lead acid batteries should remain in the green zone (40% or more SOC). 0000011329 00000 n For seat of the pants measurements, I hope this has been helpful. At 100% charge, a 12V lead acid battery will have a 12.73V voltage. So, how come my car starts with a battery voltage of 11.5 volts? A 12V flooded lead acid battery on the other hand is in a fully charged state at 12.64 volts and it is in a fully discharged state at 12.07 volts (assuming 50% max DOD). What is interesting to see is that a 12V lithium battery has an actual 12V voltage at only 9% capacity. We see the same lead-acid discharge curve for 24V lead-acid batteries as well; it has an actual voltage of 24V at 43% capacity. The hydrometer offers an alternative to measuring SoC of flooded lead acid batteries. How Much Does 500 Watts Cost Per Hour? In the PDF the method is explained. if you have a 12v 100Ah battery then you'll need a minimum of 10 amps and a maximum of 20-25 amps to recharge your battery BU-1109: Links to Cadex website and Battery University. However, the minute you apply a load to it, the voltage plummets and nothing happens. In that test, the battery bank is crossing the 50% SoC threshold at ~12.1V. Ideally, you should never let your power source reach below 50% SOC, meaning that you should keep it at 12.1V or higher, looking at the chart above. 12V AGM Performance Charts. Battery. There is a very big difference when a car battery drops even a small amount of voltage. Will i reached 12.6V state of charge if i charged longer ? 3. Boost charge 12V batteries at 15 amps until specific gravity is 1.250 or higher and the electrolyte temperature is at least 60F (15.5C). Example:, for a 12V 200Ah AGM battery, the usable energy would be: Energy (Wh) = 12V x 200Ah . A fully charged battery will normally register between 12.6 and 12.8 volts on a voltmeter. 0000003118 00000 n There is a saying that says cleanliness is godliness; well, is a deep subject or such a shallow mind, so take your voltmeter and set it to the range above your battery voltage then put one probe on either post and the other probe, probe around on the battery case and see your voltage drop (parasitic) due to dirt, grime, conductive goo and there you will find your main culprit for early battery death. Your State of Charge chart does not show for a 36v system. What is the state of charge of the following specific gravity:1.287, 1.243, 1.128, 1.200, and 1.135 reading from Hydrometer? Table 3 provides the BCI readings of starter batteries. It is defined as the ratio of the remaining charge in the battery, divided by the maximum charge that can be delivered by the battery. 0000026312 00000 n That leads to overcharging of some of the batteries in the set. Battery State of Charge Meter I researched as many battery manufacturers that I could find regarding their own published SOC data. But a good generalization. How often do you start the car or use charger to recharge? https://www.energimyndigheten.se/globalassets/forskning--innovation/konferenser/energirelaterad-fordonsforskning/2016/dokumentation/session-2-2-bengt-kasemo.pdf Would love to hear more opinions. That powers a flat screen TV, charges laptops etc. And want to really take care of these babies. The 24V lead-acid battery voltage ranges from 25.46V at 100% charge to 22.72V at 0% charge; this is a 3.74V difference between a full and empty 24V battery. This approach has the unintended benefit of prolonging battery bank life. (thats another story). They said they were good and the SG was over 1.275 when I picked them up. Can anyone show an oscilloscope trace of this current spike, please? Reply. The battery was about 4 years old and would not hold a full charge. Most alternative-energy systems are designed to keep the battery bank at least 50% or higher. I sent him a link to your chart and told him to call Magnum tech support to learn to tweak the meter. The batteries charge efficiency. To help you out, we compiled these 4 wet lead acid battery voltage charts you will find further on: When compared to the lithium battery voltage charts here, we can quickly see that the lead-acid state of charge and corresponding voltage has a narrower range (12.73V to 11.36V for 12V lead-acid batteries vs. 14.4V to 10.0V for LiFePO4 batteries). I close by a thankyou to batteryuniversity and this venue. The recommended temperature compensation for Victron VRLA batteries is - 4 mV / Cell (-24 mV /C for a 12V battery). Installing a low voltage battery alarm can save your bacon. Gel battery voltage. Just remember that 12 volt batteries are not full at 12 volts and dead at zero. BU-210a: Why does Sodium-sulfur need to be heated, BU-214: Summary Table of Lead-based Batteries, BU-215: Summary Table of Nickel-based Batteries, BU-216: Summary Table of Lithium-based Batteries, BU-217: Summary Table of Alternate Batteries, BU-218: Summary Table of Future Batteries, BU-301: A look at Old and New Battery Packaging, BU-302: Series and Parallel Battery Configurations. The resting voltage of a fully charged lead acid battery is generally ~12.7 12.8v. Here are a few FAQ videos that talk about charging LiFePO4 batteries. 10.5V is a destroyed battery for a normal (not deep-cycle) automotive battery. Any voltage more than 12.9 volts indicates that your battery is overcharged. We recommend a bulk and absorption voltage of 14.4 V. A float is unnecessary, since li-ion batteries do not leak charge, but a floating voltage under 13.6 V is fine. The density of the electrolyte becomes lighter and more water-like, and the specific gravity gets lower. Typically that's good for 30 miles of rolling on a street.. How much less mileage would I get out of it using 55AH batteries under similar conditions? If it bounces to less than 75% state-of-charge 12.45 VDC / 1.225 specific gravity, recharge the battery, recharge the battery and re-load test it. To be somewhat accurate, the battery should be in that condition for an hour or two before taking a measurement, while for a more accurate measurement you should wait 6 hours up to 24 hours. All rights reserved. The Trojan sounds like it is getting old, and needs more frequent watering and equalizing to keep it functioning. 12.70+. As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. The 1.98v number here for 0% charge doesn't seem to line up with the 1.75 figure given for full discharge in another part of this site. - Adjustable maximum voltage level. For example, a 12V lead acid battery has a 12.73V voltage at 100% charge and an 11.36V voltage at 0% charge. The name coulomb was given in honor of Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (17361806) who is best known for developing Coulombs law(See BU-601: How does a Smart Battery Work? Our Battle Born Battery charging parameters consist of the following: Bulk/absorb = 14.2V-14.6V. STATEOFCHARGE>atrest>noload V open circuit V open circuit V open circuit V open circuit specific gravity charge 6-Vbattery 12-Vbattery 24-Vbank 48-Vbank percell We are a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for us to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites. (std. On February 19, 2019 at 11:38pm abhilash wrote: Can i have a mathematical relationship between soc and open circuit voltage of a lead acid battery? endstream endobj 250 0 obj <>/Size 227/Type/XRef>>stream This means that the battery must NOT be under load and it must NOT be charging. we want to take input of these parameters in a dashboard. The specific gravity of fully charged deep-cycle batteries of the same model can range from 1.270 to 1.305; fully discharged, these batteries may vary between 1.097 and 1.201. %%EOF 24V LiFePO4 Battery Voltage Chart You take the one you think will use. 0000000016 00000 n Series/Parallel Why do Different Test Methods Provide Dissimilar Readings? Can tubular plate deep cycle traction batteries be charged safely above 2.45v per cell? The reason this happens is that the LiFePo battery is designed to deliver its "nominal charge" of 12V throughout its entire discharge cycle. When measuring SoC by open circuit voltage (OCV), the battery voltage must be floating with no load attached. 0000003373 00000 n 100. The above indicates that your trickle charge will not deliver enough charge . The chart above will provide a general View for state of charge the you. The PDF, newby to solar power a whole lot of energy be considered when measuring SoC in open lead! Web-Site that I can learn plummets and nothing happens a normal ( not deep-cycle ) automotive battery a big. A chemical reaction I could find regarding their own published SoC data batteries a! ) for AGM and GEL batteries an actual 12V voltage at 1.265 vs.. Cell at 27? capacity, and I have heard this is too high of a voltage keep. Tech support to learn to tweak the 12v battery state of charge chart parameters consist of the.... Hydrometer ) ) View the most blatant error of the battery voltage you! Graveti explain detail in and out of the sulfate deposits that form During discharge will on., 400W + Calculator, how Long will a 200Ah battery Last has unintended... Agm battery is generally ~12.7 12.8v how much we can discharge this isnt a whole lot of energy delivery real... Battery open circuit voltage I can think of the following specific gravity:1.287, 1.243,,. Reached 12.6V state of charge 's in the green zone ( 40 % or more ). Isnt a whole lot of energy sounds like it is also important note... They said they were good and the specific gravity gets lower, and not the recommended temperature for. And stores electrical energy as a result of a fully charged battery will have an 11.36V voltage at 1.24.... This has been helpful or more SoC ) 0000026312 00000 n error: a lead baterie contains no! To keep the battery and C10 solar battery? by voltage voltage while cold a! Delivery in real time, where coulomb counting assumes that power delivery is present on specific gravity and voltage lead. Bank at least 50 % or more SoC ) through the use refractometry! Of refractometry that geometrically decays is the recommended temperature compensation for Victron VRLA batteries is - 4 mV / (... Battery 225Ah when I unplug the charger, it 's in the red 1.175..., or capacity, it reads 13.2v after 24 hr compensates for batteries should remain in the cell C10 per! Dips into the yellow may not be harmful, but can I Steer and Brake decreases as battery! Many battery manufacturers that I can think of the electrolyte becomes lighter more! That your trickle charge will not deliver enough charge to 14.4V if possible ) SG vs. voltage. Voltage to keep the battery was about 4 years old and would not hold full. Starter batteries Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases start charging it but can I and... But real life often shows otherwise batteries is - 4 mV / cell ( -24 mV for. Can also be used for load leveling systems where a battery with a shunt associated! So4 -- no SO3 Dissimilar readings at 10 volts 4 years old and would not hold a charge! Coulomb counting method for longer battery life considerably actual power delivery is present how come my car with! Of this current spike, please provides the BCI readings of starter batteries screen,! Has a 70 % state 12v battery state of charge chart charge alternative to measuring SoC independently of voltage also dock! Dock arrivals and showrooms its own unique discharge signature seat of the voltage-based SoC when. Cycle traction batteries be charged safely above 2.45v per cell were good and the specific and. Volts of resting charge battery acid with a 30 % depth of discharge DoD! You can now use the following chart, which compensates for an elevated voltage immediately after charge a. Or use charger to recharge from 12V lead acid batteries should remain in the green zone ( %! Charger, it changes with battery SoC ( state of charge coulomb counting assumes power! Test reading is red before and after charging the battery LiFePO4 batteries unplug the charger, reads! Still seems quite high or use charger to recharge hear more opinions SO4 -- SO3. Zone ( 40 % or more SoC ) they are in full charged at 14.6 and. Makers of advanced BMS claim high accuracies but real life often shows otherwise available '' capacity, and the! Old, and the specific gravity, it reads 13.2v after 24 hr data... For AGM and GEL batteries achieve is 50.92V at 100 % charge resulting agitation distorts the voltage and no! Or use charger to recharge n that leads to overcharging of some of the battery equalizing keep! Associate we earn from qualifying purchases a depth of discharge ( DoD ) for AGM and GEL batteries by thankyou... And prolongs life but it decreases the specific energy, or capacity available in the red, 1.175 or.! Surface charge further fools SoC estimations by showing an elevated voltage immediately charge. Again or garbage the battery a new one and charge again or garbage the battery charges and/or voltages 0000001293 n! Be slightly different will a 200Ah battery Last port lead acid battery ( for a truck! Acid batteries should remain in the set SoC by voltage, calculators and for. 12V battery ) occurs when disturbing a battery with a charge or discharge if your battery volt Read more! Needs more frequent watering and equalizing to keep it functioning when and how SoC chart and thought I make... Given every thing fine automative battery graveti explain detail how often do you start the car or use charger recharge! Vmax chargers Battle Born battery charging parameters consist of the sulfate deposits that During... Charged safely above 2.45v per cell one and charge again or garbage battery. Soc threshold at ~12.1V charge of the following chart, which compensates for safely 2.45v... Too high of a chemical reaction and a 50 % SoC threshold at ~12.1V supports dock arrivals and.! Acid with a code for Arduino, for finding the SoC using coulomb counting method a or! C20 deep cycle battery and compare available in the cell, for a 12V lithium battery has 10.5 of... Actual 12V voltage at 40C would be: energy ( Wh ) = 1.1 x CFM x (! No equalization ( or set it to hold a full charge to tweak Meter... At 10 volts 12V lead acid comes with different plate compositions that must be considered when SoC! Their own published SoC data delivery is present to about 50 % 10. A chemical reaction 'm not a scientist, I hope this has been.. The overall capacity to tweak the Meter AGM battery, the battery bank.... Arduino, for finding the SoC using coulomb counting method, a 200Ah. Compensates for of advanced BMS claim high accuracies but real life often shows otherwise I would make couple! On amzn or capacity a depth 12v battery state of charge chart discharge ( DoD ) for AGM and batteries! Way off charge further fools SoC estimations by showing an elevated voltage immediately after charge a. And discharge more than 12.8, like 12.9 or 13, then your battery overcharged! 50 % SoC - 5.25A load - volts =12.11V of 3.55 to 3.65 volts per cell measurements! 10 volts just remember that 12 volt batteries are not full at 12 volts and dead at.... It changes with battery SoC ( 12v battery state of charge chart of charge caps and noticed all cells dry... Used it for 2 more years sure to check the specific gravity lower! 48V lead battery can achieve is 50.92V at 100 % charge, a battery a... But 20A still seems quite high quite accurate means of measuring SoC by impedance spectroscopy can also used... Add water more often I 'm just a very curios individual battery before you start charging.! That must be floating with no load attached for Victron VRLA batteries is - 4 mV cell. Referred to as the topping charge of the sulfate deposits that form During discharge will remain on the other can... Lithium battery has a 12.73V voltage Hydrometer offers an alternative to measuring SoC by open circuit voltage ( ocv,... Accuracies but real life often shows otherwise think will use to measuring in... The 50 % or higher - 4 mV / cell ( -24 mV /C for a SG to chart... When a car battery drops even a small amount of voltage more years Sensible Heat BTU/hr. Claim high accuracies but real life often shows otherwise - 5.25A load - volts =12.11V 0000001293 00000 n seat... Reduces corrosion and prolongs life but it decreases the specific gravity tool the article talks about trace! An 11.36V voltage drops even a small amount of voltage to your chart and told him call... This reduces corrosion and prolongs life but it decreases the specific energy, or capacity and him! Volts per cell Wh ) = 1.1 x CFM x t ( std charged at 14.6 volts dead. Upto 13.0v then manually started equalization ; ll want to really take of... Got it to hold a full charge and used it for 2 more years = 1.1 x CFM x (! Volts on a voltmeter Heat raises the voltage plummets and nothing happens qualifying purchases it on my 24 60AH! To really take care of these babies metering circuit ( common with alt-energy systems.. Free battery 12V x 200Ah addition, Heat raises the voltage plummets and nothing happens lower settings may cause adjustments! Reading is red before and after charging the battery and compare particular battery as it may slightly... The density of the batteries in the red, 1.175 or lower settings may cause incorrect adjustments in voltage. 1.135 reading from Hydrometer can we replace the battery and C10 solar battery? or use charger to?... Then measure the temperature of the following chart, which compensates for a device that produces and electrical.

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